Origin and History

The Xoloitzcuintli, also known as Xolo, is an ancient hairless breed originating from Mexico. Its history dates back over 9,000 years, with evidence found in ancient West Mexico burial sites, including those of the Maya and the Toltec. The breed was associated with the Aztec god of fire and lightning, Xolotl, and was believed to guide souls to the underworld. By the 16th century, Xolos were often served at banquets, though they were held in lower regard compared to other meats.

In the 1950s, the breed's existence in Mexico was threatened, leading to the Xolo Expedition of 1954. This expedition, sanctioned by the Fédération Cynologique Internationale (FCI), aimed to find and preserve the breed. The first official standard for the Xolo was established in 1956, leading to its recognition as a purebred dog worldwide.

Among the first breeds recorded by the American Kennel Club (AKC) was the Xolo, with the first AKC-registered Xolo, "Mee Too," in 1887. However, the breed was dropped from the AKC stud book in 1959 due to scarcity. The Xoloitzcuintli Club of America (XCA) was founded in 1986 to regain AKC recognition, which was achieved in 2009.

Physical Description

The Xoloitzcuintli comes in three sizes: Standard, Miniature, and Toy, ranging in weight from 4.5 to 25 kg and height from 25 to 60 cm. The breed is characterized by its sleek body, almond-shaped eyes, large bat-like ears, and long neck. Its most distinctive trait is its hairlessness, which is a dominant genetic trait. The hairless variety is completely hairless on the body, with some exhibiting short hairs on the head, toes, and tail. The coated variety has a short, flat dense coat, representing the original form of the dog.

Both varieties of the Xolo can be found in a range of colors, including shades of black, grey, bronze, yellowish-blonde, blue, and red. The breed's skin is often marked, splashed, or spotted. The coat color can also be solid, roan, or piebald, and the hairless variety can exhibit a range of skin pigmentation.

Temperament and Traits

The Xoloitzcuintli is known for its calm, loyal, alert, and intelligent temperament. They are affectionate and protective, making them excellent family pets. This breed is best suited to indoor living, especially in colder climates, as they are not adapted to outdoor living. Xolos are often described as having a regal demeanor and are known for their quiet nature.

The Xoloitzcuintli is considered a Non-Sporting breed, with a low energy level and medium friendliness. They are highly trainable and adapt well to various environments, including apartment living. Xolos are known for their intelligence and can excel in obedience training and agility.

Health Considerations

Due to their hairless nature, Xoloitzcuintlis are prone to dental abnormalities and may have an incomplete set of teeth. Additionally, poor breeding, neglect, or excessive bathing and moisturizing can lead to dermatological problems, such as acne and skin infections.

The breed's genetic makeup suggests that they are descendants of domesticated dogs that entered North America from Siberia with human migrations. Their phenotype is a consequence of canine ectodermal dysplasia, caused by a mutation on the FOXI3 autosomal gene. While this mutation is responsible for their hairlessness, it also contributes to their unique dental and skin characteristics. Other health concerns include hip dysplasia and patellar luxation.

Recognition and Registry

The Xoloitzcuintli is recognized by the Fédération Cynologique Internationale (FCI) and the American Kennel Club (AKC). The breed's recognition by the FCI in 1956 was a significant milestone, ensuring its preservation and recognition worldwide. The AKC's initial recognition in 1887 and subsequent re-admission in 2009 further solidified the breed's status in the United States.

The Xoloitzcuintli Club of America (XCA) plays a crucial role in the breed's registry and preservation. The XCA maintains a stud book, holds annual specialty shows, publishes a newsletter, and operates a national rescue network to support the breed.

Culture and Popularity

The Xoloitzcuintli has a significant cultural presence in Mexico, where it is considered a symbol of the country's heritage. The breed has been featured in art, including Frida Kahlo's paintings, and has been designated a cultural heritage and symbol of Mexico City. The Xolo is also the mascot of Club Tijuana, a professional soccer club, and has appeared in popular culture, such as the 2017 Disney/Pixar film Coco.

Despite its ancient origins, the Xoloitzcuintli remains a popular pet choice due to its unique appearance, temperament, and cultural significance. Their hypoallergenic nature makes them a good option for those with allergies to pet dander. The breed's popularity has been growing in recent years, with many owners appreciating their low maintenance coats and affectionate nature.

Breeding Standards

When breeding Xoloitzcuintlis, breeders must adhere to specific standards set by organizations such as the FCI and the AKC. These standards include criteria for size, coat type, color, and temperament. For example, the FCI standard requires Xolos to be hairless, with a minimum height for each size category, and a range of acceptable colors. The AKC standard also outlines breed-specific traits and disqualifies certain physical defects.

Breeders must also consider the health of the dogs, performing genetic testing for conditions like hip dysplasia and patellar luxation. The Xoloitzcuintli Club of America provides resources and guidance to breeders to ensure the breed's continued success.

Buying a Xoloitzcuintli

• Ensure the breeder is a member of a recognized kennel club, such as the Xoloitzcuintli Club of America (XCA) or the American Kennel Club (AKC).
• Ask for health clearances and genetic testing results for the parents.
• Visit the puppy in its home environment to assess the breeder's care practices.
• Consider the long-term commitment of owning a Xoloitzcuintli, including grooming, exercise, and health care.