Origin and Historical Background

The Schipperke, a small, sturdy dog, is believed to have originated in the 1600s in Flanders, Belgium. This region is known for its rich history with dogs, particularly as a small shepherd breed. DNA research indicates a close relationship between Schipperkes and the Spitz family of dog breeds, suggesting a common ancestry that dates back to ancient times.

First recognized as a formal breed in the 1880s, the Schipperke's standard was written in 1889. The breed's name, "Schipperke," translates to "little boatman" or "little captain" in Flemish, reflecting its agility and confident demeanor. Before this official name, the breed was colloquially known as "Spits" or "Spitzke," and occasionally as "Moorke," meaning "little black animal. " The name "Moorke" hints at the breed's black coat color, which has been a consistent feature throughout its history.

The Schipperke's history is closely tied to the Louvain region of Belgium, where a 40-pound dog known as the Leuvenaar was employed to guard flocks and transport. This dog is considered the foundational breed for both the modern Schipperke and the larger Black Belgian Shepherd Dog, also known as the Groenendael. The Leuvenaar's role in the development of the Schipperke highlights the breed's historical function as a versatile working dog.

During World War II, the Belgian Resistance utilized Schipperkes to run messages between hideouts and cells, showcasing the breed's intelligence and loyalty.

Physical Description

The Schipperke is a small, compact dog, typically weighing between 3–9 kg (6.6–19.8 lb) and standing at 25–33 cm (9.8–13 in) in height. Their distinctive features include pointed ears, a fox-like face, and a thick double coat. The coat is soft and fluffy beneath, with a harsher-feeling and longer outer coat, and is most commonly black, though occasionally blonde, cream, or liver-red in color. The black coloration is so important that it is listed as a breed standard requirement.

The breed is known for its long ruff surrounding the neck, which trails down towards the rear, and longer fur on the hind legs, referred to as culottes. These distinctive features contribute to the Schipperke's regal appearance and have been a part of the breed's image since its inception.

Temperament and Personality

The Schipperke is known for its alert, confident, and energetic temperament. This breed is intelligent and independent, often referred to as the "little captain" due to its commanding presence and alert expression. The term "little captain" is not just a nickname but reflects the breed's natural leadership qualities.

Despite their small size, Schipperkes are not typically friendly towards strangers, which is a trait that adds to their independent nature. This temperament requires a confident handler who can provide consistent training and boundaries to ensure the dog's well-being.

Exercise is a crucial part of a Schipperke's daily routine. This includes daily exercise, training, and interactive play sessions that engage their intelligence and provide bonding opportunities.

Health Considerations

The Schipperke is generally a healthy breed, with a median lifespan of 13 years, and some individuals living to be 18 to 19 years old. However, certain health issues can affect the breed, including luxating patella, Legg-Perthes syndrome, and epilepsy.

Luxating patella is a common orthopedic problem in Schipperkes, where the kneecap may slip out of place, causing pain and lameness. This condition can be mitigated with proper veterinary care and management.

Legg-Perthes syndrome is a knee and hip disorder that can lead to arthritis and mobility issues.

Epilepsy, while not common, can occur in some Schipperkes and is often related to genetic transmission.

MPS IIIB is a genetic mutation specific to Schipperkes, affecting approximately 15% of the breed. This lysosomal storage disease affects balance and can be similar to human diseases like Tay-Sachs and Gaucher's. The University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine has developed a test for this condition, which became available in April 2003.

Owners should be vigilant for any signs of health issues and consult with their veterinarian promptly.

Breeding and Genetic Concerns

The Schipperke has experienced a rising rate of inbreeding in its population, which can lead to increased instances of genetic health issues. This trend is concerning as it can compromise the breed's overall health and vitality.

DNA research has shown that the Schipperke is more closely related to the Pomeranian than the Belgian sheepdog, and it is very closely tied to Spitz type breeds. This genetic relationship has implications for the breed's health and temperament, as well as its coat and working traits.

Reputable breeders prioritize health and temperament in their breeding programs. They conduct genetic testing, health screenings, and ensure that their breeding stock is free from hereditary conditions.

Living with a Schipperke

Living with a Schipperke requires a commitment to their care and well-being. Their small size makes them suitable for apartment living, but they do require daily walks and playtime to maintain their physical and mental health.

Given their independent nature, Schipperkes may not be the best choice for first-time dog owners. They require a confident handler who can provide consistent training and boundaries. Positive reinforcement training methods work well with this breed, as they respond well to rewards and praise.

Training should begin early and should focus on socialization, obedience, and behavior modification.

Buying a Schipperke: A Practical Checklist

Research reputable breeders who prioritize health and temperament. Ask for health clearances and genetic testing results, including tests for luxating patella, Legg-Perthes syndrome, and MPS IIIB. Observe the dog's temperament and behavior during a meet-and-greet. Ensure the breeder provides proper socialization and training. Be prepared for the costs of ownership, including veterinary care, grooming, and food. Understand the time commitment required for daily exercise and training. It is also advisable to inquire about the breeder's experience and the history of the puppies' parents.