Origin and Historical Background

The Maltese dog, an ancient toy breed, originated in the Mediterranean Basin, specifically in Malta. Its precise link to the ancient variety is not known, but Nicholas Cutillo suggested that the Maltese might descend from spitz-type canines, similar to Pomeranian breeds with short snouts, pricked ears, and bulbous heads. These ancient dogs were perhaps the first to be employed as human companions.

References to the Maltese can be traced back to ancient Greek and Roman literature, where they were associated with the island of Malta, known as Melita in Latin. The breed was favored as a pet, depicted on vases and amphorae, and even mentioned in Aesop's Fables. The Romans called them catuli melitaei, and the breed was also referenced in Roman poetry.

In the Victorian era, the modern Maltese emerged through regulated crossings of existing varieties, producing a distinct breed. The breed is genetically related to the Bichon, Bolognese, and Havanese breeds, possibly sharing a common ancestor from a severe bottleneck around two centuries ago. The first history of the breed, "Insulae Melitae Descriptio," was written by Abbé Jean Quintin in 1536, noting that the local Maltese people were no longer familiar with the species.

Over the centuries, the Maltese has been a symbol of nobility and elegance. During the Renaissance, they were a favorite of European nobility, including Queen Victoria, who owned several Maltese dogs. The breed's popularity continued to grow, and it became a staple in dog shows and exhibitions.

Physical Characteristics

The Maltese has a dense, glossy, silky, and shiny coat that falls heavily along the body without curls or an undercoat. The coat color is pure white, with a pale ivory tinge or light brown spotting permitted. Adult weight typically ranges from 1.8 to 3.2 kg (4 to 7 pounds), and height from 18 to 23 cm (7 to 9 inches) for females, with males slightly taller.

The breed's ears are hanging, and the tail curves over its back. The Maltese does not shed, making it a suitable choice for those with dog allergies. However, like other white dogs, they may show tear-stains, which are often a result of excessive tear production and can be managed with regular cleaning.

This characteristic is due to the breed's low shedding, which results in less fur in the home environment.

Temperament and Personality

The Maltese is known for its playful, gentle, affectionate, charming, fearless, alert, and adaptable temperament. Despite their diminutive size, they possess a charming personality and a fearless nature. They are alert and can be good watchdogs, though their small size may not deter potential intruders.

The Maltese is ranked 59th of 79 breeds assessed for intelligence by Stanley Coren, indicating a level of intelligence that is above average for dogs. This intelligence makes them quick learners and responsive to training.

They are affectionate companions and do well with families, especially those with older children. However, their small size may not be suitable for households with young children who are rough or may accidentally harm the dog.

Health Considerations

The Maltese has a life expectancy of 12 to 15 years, which is average for purebred dogs. However, they are prone to certain health issues, including Patent Ductus Arteriosus (PDA), a heart condition that can lead to heart failure, and cataracts, which can cause vision problems.

Other health concerns that may affect the Maltese include dental problems, patellar luxation, and hypoglycemia.

Despite these health concerns, the Maltese is often recommended for individuals with dog allergies due to their hypoallergenic nature and low shedding.

Training and Grooming

The Maltese is considered to have medium trainability, making them responsive to training but requiring consistent and patient training methods. Positive reinforcement techniques work well with this breed, as they are sensitive to harsh treatment and can become anxious or fearful.

Their coat does not require trimming but may need regular baths to keep it clean and free of tear stains.

Companionship and Use

The Maltese is primarily kept for companionship, ornament, or competitive exhibition. Their small size and charming personality make them popular as lap dogs and affectionate companions. They are often seen in dog shows and competitions, where their elegance and grace are showcased, and they have even won Best in Show at the Westminster Kennel Club Dog Show.

They can be great travel companions due to their small size and moderate energy level, making them suitable for active owners who enjoy outdoor activities. However, the Maltese is not recommended for outdoor living and requires a safe, secure indoor environment.

Buying a Maltese: A Practical Checklist

• Research reputable breeders who specialize in the Maltese breed.
• Ask for health clearances and genetic testing results for potential health issues such as PDA and cataracts.
• Observe the dog's temperament and behavior during your visit to the breeder to ensure they are well-socialized and adaptable.
• Ensure the breeder provides proper socialization and training for the puppy.
• Be prepared for the ongoing grooming and veterinary care requirements, including regular baths, grooming, and health check-ups.
• Consider the cost of ownership, including food, grooming, and veterinary care, which can be significant for a purebred dog like the Maltese.

Buying a Maltese should be a well-informed decision, considering the breed's specific needs and characteristics. Ensuring that the puppy comes from a responsible breeder and is well-cared for will contribute to a healthy and happy life for both the dog and its owner.